# Lemur — Facts, Threats & Conservation

*Infraorder Lemuriformes*

> A lemur is a primate native only to Madagascar and nearby islands, forming the group Lemuriformes. More than 100 species exist, from tiny mouse lemurs to the familiar ring-tailed lemur. Most are tree-dwelling, and lemurs are the most endangered mammal group on Earth.

**IUCN status:** Varies; lemurs are the most endangered mammal group  ·  **WARN range:** Madagascar

## Quick facts
| Fact | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Common name | Lemur |
| Group | Lemuriformes (strepsirrhine primates) |
| Number of species | More than 100 |
| Native range | Madagascar and a few nearby islands only |
| Habitat | Forests, from rainforest to dry spiny forest |
| Size range | From ~30 g mouse lemurs to ~9 kg indri |
| Diet | Fruit, leaves, flowers, nectar, gum and insects |
| Activity | Some diurnal, many nocturnal; some hibernate |
| IUCN status | Varies; most assessed species Endangered or Critically Endangered |
| CITES | Appendix I (all species) |

## Scientific classification
- **Kingdom:** Animalia
- **Phylum:** Chordata
- **Class:** Mammalia
- **Order:** Primates
- **Suborder:** Strepsirrhini
- **Infraorder:** Lemuriformes
- **Families:** Five (e.g. Lemuridae, Cheirogaleidae, Indriidae, Lepilemuridae, Daubentoniidae)

## Conservation status
- **Status:** Varies by species, but lemurs as a whole are widely regarded as the most threatened group of mammals on Earth. The great majority of assessed species are classified as Endangered or Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, with only a small number listed as Least Concern. The primary drivers are deforestation, habitat fragmentation and hunting.
- **Population:** No single total; many species number only a few thousand individuals or fewer, and several are among the rarest primates in the world.
- **Trend:** Decreasing for most species
- **Assessed:** Assessed across multiple IUCN Red List reviews; lemurs repeatedly highlighted as the most endangered mammal group
- **CITES:** Appendix I (all lemur species)
- Because most lemurs have small natural ranges and depend on specific forest types, even limited forest loss can threaten an entire species. Protecting and restoring Madagascar's forests is central to their survival.

## Key facts: Lemur
- Lemurs live in the wild only on Madagascar and a handful of nearby islands — they are found nowhere else on Earth.
- There are more than 100 recognised species, ranging from mouse lemurs weighing about 30 grams to the larger indri and the ring-tailed lemur.
- Lemurs are the most endangered group of mammals on the planet, with the vast majority of assessed species Endangered or Critically Endangered.
- Deforestation, agricultural clearance and hunting for bushmeat are the main threats to their survival.
- All lemur species are listed on CITES Appendix I, the strictest level of international trade protection.
- The ring-tailed lemur, with its black-and-white banded tail, is the most recognisable species and a symbol of Madagascar's wildlife.

## What exactly is a lemur?
Lemurs are primates, distant relatives of monkeys, apes and humans, but they belong to a separate and much older branch of the primate family tree called the strepsirrhines, which also includes bushbabies and lorises. The name comes from the Latin lemures, meaning ghosts or spirits, a nod to the wide reflective eyes and eerie nocturnal calls of many species. Lemurs are defined partly by where they live: in the wild they occur naturally only on Madagascar and a few neighbouring islands such as the Comoros, where they were introduced. They are thought to have reached Madagascar from mainland Africa tens of millions of years ago, probably rafting across the Mozambique Channel on floating vegetation, and then diversified in isolation into the extraordinary range of forms seen today. Compared with monkeys, lemurs generally have a more dog-like snout, a stronger reliance on smell, and a special grooming claw on one toe. Many also possess a toothcomb, a set of forward-tilting lower teeth used for grooming and feeding, which is a hallmark of the group.

## How many kinds of lemur are there?
Scientists currently recognise well over 100 living lemur species, and the count has grown as genetic studies reveal that populations once thought to be a single species are in fact several. They are usually grouped into five families. The mouse and dwarf lemurs include some of the smallest primates in the world, a few weighing only around 30 grams. The sportive lemurs are slender, nocturnal leapers. The true lemurs include the famous ring-tailed lemur and the brown lemurs. The indri family contains the indri itself — the largest living lemur, known for its haunting, whale-like songs — along with the sifakas, which bound sideways across open ground on two legs. Finally, the aye-aye sits in a family of its own: a strange nocturnal lemur with rodent-like teeth and a long, thin middle finger that it uses to tap on wood and fish out grubs. This variety, packed onto a single island, makes Madagascar one of the most important places on Earth for primate diversity.

## Why are lemurs so endangered?
Lemurs are widely described as the most threatened group of mammals on Earth. The great majority of assessed species are classified as Endangered or Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and only a small handful are considered of least concern. The central problem is habitat loss. Madagascar has lost a large share of its original forest cover to logging, charcoal production and slash-and-burn agriculture, leaving many lemurs confined to shrinking, fragmented patches of woodland. Because most species are specialised to particular forest types and have small natural ranges, even modest forest clearance can put a whole species at risk. Hunting adds further pressure: in some regions lemurs are killed for bushmeat or captured for the local pet trade, despite legal protection. Climate change and more frequent droughts and cyclones compound these threats. All lemurs are listed on CITES Appendix I, banning commercial international trade, but their future depends above all on protecting and restoring the forests of Madagascar on which every species relies.

## How do lemurs live in the wild?
Lemur lifestyles are remarkably varied. Some, like the ring-tailed lemur, are active by day and spend a good deal of time on the ground, moving in social troops that can number a dozen or more. Many others are nocturnal, foraging alone or in small groups through the forest canopy under cover of darkness.

Diets range widely too: different species eat fruit, leaves, flowers, nectar, tree gum, insects and the occasional small animal, and some play an important role as pollinators and seed dispersers for Madagascar's plants. A striking feature of many lemur societies is female dominance, which is unusual among mammals — in ring-tailed lemurs and several other species, females take priority at feeding sites and lead the group.

Scent is central to lemur communication: they mark territory and signal status with secretions from glands on the wrists and rear, and male ring-tailed lemurs even hold 'stink fights', wafting scent from their tails at rivals. The dwarf and mouse lemurs are among the few primates known to enter long periods of torpor or hibernation to survive the dry season.

## Explore lemur species on WARN
This hub introduces lemurs as a group — but most readers search for a particular species. WARN publishes a twelve-species lemur library linked from this page covering the ring-tailed lemur, indri, aye-aye, sifakas, mouse lemurs, ruffed lemurs, golden bamboo lemur and more.

Each species page includes range, behaviour, CITES Appendix I status and conservation FAQs. Lemurs are not pets — every species belongs in Madagascar's forests, and the pet trade is a serious threat alongside deforestation.

Support habitat protection appeals to help the forests on which all 100+ lemur species depend.

## Lemur Species Guide
From the ring-tailed lemur and indri to the aye-aye, sifaka, mouse lemur and golden bamboo lemur — explore 12 of Madagascar's most searched lemur species with range, behaviour, conservation status and why all lemurs belong in the wild.

Full species library (12 guides): https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/lemur#breeds

- **Ring-tailed Lemur:** Madagascar's icon — black-and-white banded tail and ground-dwelling troops. — https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/lemur/ring-tailed-lemur
- **Indri:** Largest living lemur — haunting songs echo through rainforest canopy. — https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/lemur/indri
- **Aye-aye:** Madagascar's strangest lemur — tapping finger extracts grubs from wood. — https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/lemur/aye-aye
- **Mouse Lemur:** Among the smallest primates — several cryptic species in Madagascar's forests. — https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/lemur/mouse-lemur
- **Coquerel's Sifaka:** Dancing lemur — bounds sideways on two legs across open ground. — https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/lemur/coquerels-sifaka
- **Brown Lemur:** Common name for several similar true lemurs — variable coat, flexible activity. — https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/lemur/brown-lemur
- **Black-and-white Ruffed Lemur:** Critical seed disperser — builds tree nests unique among primates. — https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/lemur/black-and-white-ruffed-lemur
- **Red Ruffed Lemur:** Flame-red rainforest specialist confined to Masoala — Critically Endangered. — https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/lemur/red-ruffed-lemur
- **Golden Bamboo Lemur:** Eats cyanide-laced bamboo shoots — one of the rarest primates on Earth. — https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/lemur/golden-bamboo-lemur
- **Mongoose Lemur:** One of few lemurs also found on Comoros islands — Vulnerable. — https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/lemur/mongoose-lemur
- **Crowned Lemur:** Confined to the northern tip of Madagascar — chestnut 'crown' on males. — https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/lemur/crowned-lemur
- **Sportive Lemur:** Nocturnal leaf-eaters that leap between vertical tree trunks. — https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/lemur/sportive-lemur

## What WARN does
World Animal Rescue Network does not run field conservation projects specifically for lemurs, which live only on Madagascar — outside the five countries where WARN's partners operate. This guide is part of WARN's free educational work, helping people understand the world's wildlife and the pressures it faces. The threats that endanger lemurs most — deforestation, habitat fragmentation and hunting — are the same forces harming many of the animals WARN does protect, so learning about lemurs helps build support for animals everywhere.

If this guide deepened your care for vanishing wildlife, a small gift helps WARN continue its free educational work and care for animals in the countries where it operates.

## Frequently asked questions: Lemur
### Are lemurs monkeys?
No. Lemurs are primates, but they are not monkeys. They belong to a separate and more ancient branch of the primate family tree called the strepsirrhines, which also includes bushbabies and lorises. Monkeys and apes sit on a different branch. Lemurs tend to have a more dog-like snout, rely more heavily on smell, and possess features such as a grooming claw and a toothcomb that monkeys lack.

### Where do lemurs live?
In the wild, lemurs live only on the island of Madagascar, off the south-east coast of Africa, and on a few nearby islands such as the Comoros, where some were introduced by people. They are found nowhere else on Earth naturally. This makes them one of the clearest examples of how isolation on an island can drive the evolution of a unique and diverse group of animals.

### Why are lemurs endangered?
Lemurs are the most threatened group of mammals on Earth mainly because of habitat loss. Madagascar has lost much of its forest to logging, charcoal production and slash-and-burn farming, leaving lemurs in small, fragmented patches of woodland. Hunting for bushmeat and capture for the pet trade add further pressure, while droughts and cyclones worsen the situation. Most assessed species are Endangered or Critically Endangered.

### What do lemurs eat?
Diet varies greatly between the more than 100 lemur species. Many eat fruit, leaves, flowers, nectar and tree gum, while smaller species also take insects, and a few catch small animals. By feeding on fruit and flowers, lemurs help pollinate plants and disperse seeds, making them important to the health of Madagascar's forests. Some dwarf and mouse lemurs store fat and enter torpor to survive lean dry seasons.

### What is the most famous lemur?
The ring-tailed lemur is the most recognisable species, instantly identified by its long black-and-white banded tail and bold facial markings. Unlike many lemurs it is active by day and spends time on the ground in social troops. Its familiarity in books, films and wildlife documentaries has made it a symbol of Madagascar's wildlife, though it too is threatened in the wild by habitat loss and hunting.

### Are lemurs protected by law?
Yes. All lemur species are listed on Appendix I of CITES, the international convention regulating trade in endangered species, which bans commercial international trade in them. Lemurs are also legally protected within Madagascar. However, enforcement is difficult, and illegal hunting and capture still occur. Lasting protection depends above all on conserving and restoring the forests of Madagascar, since every lemur species relies on these habitats to survive.

### Where can I read about individual lemur species?
WARN's lemur wildlife guide links to a twelve-species library covering ring-tailed lemurs, indri, aye-aye, sifakas, mouse lemurs, ruffed lemurs, golden bamboo lemur and more — each with range, behaviour and conservation status.

## Sources
- [Lemur — Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur)
- [Ring-tailed lemur — Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-tailed_lemur)
- [Lemur — Encyclopaedia Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/animal/lemur)
- [IUCN Red List](https://www.iucnredlist.org/)
- [CITES Appendices](https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php)

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Full guide: https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/lemur