# Giant Anteater — Facts, Threats & Conservation

*Myrmecophaga tridactyla*

> The giant anteater is a large, toothless mammal of Central and South America listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN, with populations declining by at least 30% over the past three generations due to habitat loss, fire, and road mortality.

**IUCN status:** Vulnerable  ·  **WARN range:** Central America, South America, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Paraguay, Guyana, Suriname, Panama, Costa Rica, Honduras

## Quick facts
| Fact | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Body length | 1.8–2.2 m (nose to tail) |
| Body weight | 27–50 kg (males up to 50 kg) |
| Lifespan (wild) | 10–14 years |
| Gestation | 170–190 days; single pup |
| Diet | Ants, termites, and soft insect larvae |
| Body temperature | 32.7 °C — lowest of any placental mammal |
| Home range | 2.7–32.5 km² depending on habitat |
| CITES appendix | Appendix II |

## Scientific classification
- **Kingdom:** Animalia
- **Phylum:** Chordata
- **Class:** Mammalia
- **Superorder:** Xenarthra
- **Order:** Pilosa
- **Suborder:** Vermilingua
- **Family:** Myrmecophagidae
- **Genus:** Myrmecophaga
- **Species:** Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Linnaeus, 1758)

## Conservation status
- **Status:** Vulnerable
- **Population:** No reliable global total; at least 30% decline documented over ~21 years
- **Trend:** Decreasing
- **Assessed:** 2024
- **CITES:** Appendix II
- Assessed under criterion A2cd (May 2024, published IUCN Red List 2025); extirpated from most of Central America and the southern parts of its South American range.

## Key facts: Giant Anteater
- The giant anteater holds the record for the lowest body temperature of any placental mammal — just 32.7 °C — a metabolic adaptation to its low-calorie, insect-only diet.
- Its tongue, which can reach 60 cm in length and flick up to 150 times per minute, is coated in tiny backward-facing spines and sticky saliva to trap insects.
- The IUCN assessed the species as Vulnerable in 2024 (published in the 2025 Red List), noting a suspected population decline of at least 30% over the last three generations (roughly 21 years) driven by habitat loss and direct mortality.
- Road collisions are a leading cause of death in Brazil, where giant anteaters are among the top species killed on highways; population viability modelling shows road mortality can halve the stochastic growth rate of local populations.
- Females carry a single pup on their back for up to a year, perfectly camouflaging it by aligning the pup's fur pattern with their own markings — an extraordinary example of visual deception.
- The species has been extirpated from most of Central America, including Guatemala, El Salvador, and Belize, where it is now considered the most threatened large mammal in the subregion.

## What is a giant anteater?
The giant anteater belongs to the superorder Xenarthra — the same ancient lineage as armadillos and sloths — and is the sole member of the genus Myrmecophaga. It is unmistakable: a tube-like elongated skull and snout, a shaggy coat patterned in charcoal black and silver-grey, a broad diagonal shoulder stripe, and a magnificent bushy tail that fans out almost as wide as the animal is long. Males are slightly larger than females, typically weighing 33–50 kg compared with 27–47 kg for females. Unlike virtually all other mammals, giant anteaters possess no teeth whatsoever. Instead, the mouth opens to a small circular aperture barely wide enough to admit a pencil, through which the ribbon-like tongue — capable of extending 60 cm beyond the snout — darts in and out at astonishing speed. The animal crushes its prey not with molars but with a muscular, ridged stomach, sometimes assisted by small stones swallowed as gizzard-stones. With a basal metabolic rate only about 34% of that predicted for its body mass, the giant anteater is physiologically built for a lifestyle of slow, energy-careful foraging across vast landscapes.

## Where do giant anteaters live?
Giant anteaters are found across a broad arc of Central and South America, from Honduras and Nicaragua in the north to Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern Argentina in the south. Their stronghold today lies in Brazil, particularly in the Cerrado — the vast tropical savanna that covers roughly a quarter of Brazil's land surface — as well as in the Pantanal wetlands and parts of the Amazon basin. Populations also persist in Colombia's Llanos grasslands and in Venezuela, Guyana, and Suriname. The species tolerates a surprisingly wide variety of habitats: open grasslands, dry and moist forests, swamps, mangroves, and even modified agricultural landscapes where prey colonies remain accessible. What the giant anteater cannot tolerate is the destruction of ant and termite mounds at scale or the removal of the scattered shade trees and dense vegetation it uses for resting. Individual animals require large home ranges — studies record territories ranging from 2.7 km² in Brazil's Serra da Canastra National Park to 32.5 km² in Argentina's Iberá wetlands — meaning that landscape connectivity is essential for viable populations. Historically present as far north as Mexico and Guatemala, the giant anteater has been extirpated from most of Central America, including Guatemala, El Salvador, and Belize, and from the southern parts of its South American range.

## Why is the giant anteater Vulnerable?
The IUCN assessed the giant anteater as Vulnerable (criterion A2cd), with the assessment conducted in May 2024 and published in the 2025 Red List update, reflecting a suspected population decline of at least 30% but less than 50% over three generations, estimated at approximately 21 years. No reliable global population total exists, but the cumulative weight of regional extirpations, fire mortality data, and road-kill surveys points to a species under severe and ongoing pressure. The primary drivers are interlinked. Habitat loss from soy and cattle expansion, particularly across the Cerrado, removes the open foraging grounds and ant-rich soils that anteaters depend upon. Deliberate burning of grasslands and sugar-cane fields is a catastrophic threat: a single 1994 wildfire at Brazil's Emas National Park killed an estimated 340 giant anteaters. Because the animals move slowly and cannot escape fast-moving fires, burn mortality can be devastating in isolated protected areas. Road mortality is the third major threat and is particularly severe in Brazil, where the species consistently ranks among the top mammals killed on highways. A population viability analysis published in Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation found that road mortality can halve the stochastic growth rate of local giant anteater populations. Hunting pressure, though lower than in some other large mammals, persists in parts of Bolivia and the Chaco. Attacks by domestic and feral dogs add localised mortality near human settlements. The species' naturally low reproductive rate — one pup per year, with young remaining dependent for up to ten months — means populations recover slowly from any source of increased mortality.

## How does a giant anteater find and eat its food?
Feeding is the central drama of every giant anteater's day. The animal relies almost entirely on its sense of smell — estimated to be 40 times more acute than a human's — to locate ant and termite colonies beneath soil and inside hard-mound structures. Once a mound is located, the anteater uses the large, curved claws of its forefeet — the third claw alone can reach 10 cm in length — to tear open the outer casing. The claws are so formidable that the animal walks on its knuckles to keep the tips sharp, producing a distinctive gait with the claws folded inward. Having breached the mound, the anteater plunges its snout into the opening and begins working its tongue at up to 150 flicks per minute. The tongue, coated in minute backward-pointing spines and thick, viscous saliva produced by enlarged salivary glands, sweeps insects into the mouth by the thousand. Up to 35,000 ants and termites can be consumed in a single day. The anteater avoids triggering a full defensive response from the colony by spending only 30–40 seconds at each mound — just long enough to gather a profitable meal before the soldier ants and termites can mount a serious attack. It then moves on, allowing the colony to partially recover before returning in future days. This strategy of sustainable extraction means anteaters are rarely destructive in the long-term ecological sense: a carefully managed mound is a larder that keeps refilling.

## How do giant anteaters raise their young?
Giant anteaters reproduce slowly, which is one reason the species struggles to recover from elevated mortality. Females give birth to a single pup after a gestation period of 170–190 days. Birth occurs while the mother stands upright, and the newborn, weighing around 1–2 kg, is immediately capable of climbing onto her back, where it will spend the next several months. The pup's fur pattern is arranged so that when it rides on the mother's back, its own shoulder stripe aligns almost perfectly with hers, providing remarkable camouflage against predators such as pumas and jaguars. The mother nurses the pup for up to six months, and the youngster remains dependent on her for up to ten months after birth. Pup mortality in the first three months is around 50%, attributable largely to predation and the dangers of fire events that the mother cannot outrun while encumbered. Young anteaters do not reach sexual maturity until 2.5–4 years of age, meaning a female may produce only one surviving offspring every two to three years across a wild lifespan of 10–14 years. This slow reproductive pace, entirely normal for a large Xenarthra, makes population recovery from habitat loss or road mortality a generational challenge rather than a short-term bounce-back.

## What WARN does
WARN runs active rescue and conservation projects in Brazil and Colombia — two of the giant anteater's most important remaining strongholds. Brazil's Cerrado holds the densest known populations of the species, while Colombia's Llanos grasslands support significant numbers. Public understanding of the threats facing giant anteaters directly supports the case for protecting the open savanna and forest habitats where WARN's in-network partners operate. Even where project work is focused on other species, the landscapes overlap — conserving connected grasslands in Brazil and Colombia benefits giant anteaters alongside every other species sharing those ecosystems.

Giant anteaters depend on connected stretches of savanna and forest — the same landscapes in Brazil and Colombia where WARN's conservation partners work. Supporting habitat protection in these countries helps secure the open ground that anteaters, and hundreds of other species, need to survive.

## Frequently asked questions: Giant Anteater
### Are giant anteaters dangerous to humans?
Giant anteaters are not aggressive by nature and avoid confrontation, but they are capable of inflicting serious injury when cornered. A threatened anteater will rear onto its hind legs, brace itself with its bushy tail, and slash with its forelimbs. The large forelimb claws — the third claw can reach 10 cm — are strong enough to disembowel a puma or jaguar, and there are documented cases of fatal attacks on humans who trapped or cornered individuals. In normal circumstances, giant anteaters are solitary, shy, and will retreat if given the opportunity.

### How long is a giant anteater's tongue?
The tongue of a giant anteater can extend approximately 60 centimetres (about 24 inches) beyond the tip of the snout, making it among the longest tongues in proportion to skull length of any vertebrate. It is slender — less than about 1.5 cm wide — and covered in backward-facing spines coated in thick, sticky saliva. At peak foraging intensity, the tongue can flick in and out of the mouth up to 150 times per minute.

### What do giant anteaters eat besides ants and termites?
Giant anteaters are highly specialised myrmecophages — insect eaters focused almost exclusively on social insects. Ants and termites make up the overwhelming majority of their diet, supplemented occasionally by soft beetle larvae and other soft-bodied invertebrates found within the same mounds. Unlike many other animals, they do not eat plant matter, fruit, or vertebrates. Their entire anatomy — toothless jaws, elongated snout, reinforced claws, and specialised digestive system — is built around this narrow dietary niche.

### Why do giant anteaters have such a low body temperature?
At 32.7 °C (90.9 °F), the giant anteater holds the record for the lowest confirmed body temperature of any placental mammal. This is linked to the animal's remarkably low basal metabolic rate, which is roughly 34% of the value predicted for its body size. Xenarthrans — the superorder that includes anteaters, sloths, and armadillos — evolved reduced metabolic rates as an adaptation to diets of low caloric density. For the giant anteater, a diet of ants and termites provides limited calories per gram consumed; a slower metabolic engine reduces the energetic cost of maintaining body functions and makes the diet viable.

### Is the giant anteater endangered?
The giant anteater is classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List (assessed May 2024, published in the 2025 Red List update, criterion A2cd), one category below Endangered. Its global population has declined by at least 30% over roughly 21 years (three generations), and the species has been locally extirpated from most of Central America — including Guatemala, El Salvador, and Belize — and parts of South America. The population trend is listed as decreasing. While not at immediate risk of extinction globally, continued habitat loss in the Cerrado and Pantanal, combined with road mortality and fire events, mean the species could deteriorate further without effective conservation measures.

### How many giant anteaters are left in the wild?
No reliable global census exists for the giant anteater. The IUCN's 2025 Red List assessment (for which the assessment was conducted in May 2024) does not provide a single verified population estimate, instead documenting a minimum 30% decline based on local extirpation records, fire mortality data, and road-kill surveys. The species is considered most secure in Brazil's Cerrado and Pantanal, Colombia's Llanos, and Venezuela's savannas, but even these stronghold populations face ongoing pressure from habitat conversion and road infrastructure expansion.

## Sources
- [IUCN Red List — Myrmecophaga tridactyla (2025, assessed 2024)](https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/14224/4425237)
- [CITES species listing — Myrmecophaga tridactyla](https://cites.org/eng/taxonomy/term/957)
- [Animal Diversity Web — Myrmecophaga tridactyla](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Myrmecophaga_tridactyla/)
- [Smithsonian's National Zoo — Giant Anteater](https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/giant-anteater)
- [IUCN SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group — Giant Anteater](https://xenarthrans.org/species/anteaters/anteaters-giant-anteater/)
- [Pinto et al. (2018) — Giant anteater conservation in Brazil: fragmentation and road mortality, Biological Conservation](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320718300910)
- [Population viability analysis as a tool for giant anteater conservation — Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation (2020)](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2530064420300213)
- [PMC — Threats to giant anteaters in the Cerrado biome](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10464529/)
- [Wikipedia — Giant anteater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_anteater)

---
Full guide: https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/anteater