# Barn Owl — Facts, Threats & Conservation

*Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769) — family Tytonidae*

> The barn owl (Tyto alba) is a pale, heart-faced owl found on every continent except Antarctica; it hunts almost entirely by sound, using asymmetric ear openings and a facial disc to locate prey it cannot see, and flies almost silently.

**IUCN status:** Least Concern globally; locally declining across intensively farmed landscapes  ·  **WARN range:** Every continent except Antarctica, Farmland, grassland, marsh edge and rough grass margins

## Quick facts
| Fact | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Wingspan | 80–95 cm |
| Weight | 250–350 g |
| Hunting method | Acoustic — locates prey by sound alone |
| Main prey | Field voles, mice, shrews and rats |
| Call | Screech, not a hoot |
| Key threat | Rodenticides, loss of rough grassland, road collisions |

## Scientific classification
- **Kingdom:** Animalia
- **Phylum:** Chordata
- **Class:** Aves
- **Order:** Strigiformes
- **Family:** Tytonidae
- **Genus:** Tyto
- **Species:** Tyto alba

## Conservation status
- **Status:** Least Concern
- **Population:** Several million globally; regional populations vary widely
- **Trend:** Stable globally; declining in intensively farmed regions
- **Assessed:** 2019
- **CITES:** Appendix II (all Strigiformes)
- A Least Concern global listing masks steep regional declines. Barn owls are covered by CITES Appendix II because all owls are listed as a group.

## Key facts: Barn Owl
- Barn owls locate prey by sound alone and can catch voles hidden under vegetation or snow.
- Their ear openings sit at different heights, giving vertical as well as horizontal sound location.
- Fringed flight feathers break up turbulence, making the flight almost silent.
- A breeding pair may take around 3,000 small mammals in a year — significant natural rodent control.
- The barn owl screeches; it does not hoot. The classic hoot belongs to the tawny owl.
- Second-generation rodenticides accumulate in barn owls and are a documented cause of death.

## Hearing built for hunting in the dark
The barn owl's heart-shaped facial disc is a sound collector, funnelling noise towards the ear openings hidden at its edges. Crucially those openings are asymmetric — one sits higher than the other — so a sound arriving from above reaches one ear marginally before the other. The bird reads that difference as elevation, and the left-right difference as bearing, giving it a full three-dimensional fix on a rustle in the grass.

Laboratory work established that barn owls can strike prey accurately in total darkness. In the field this means a bird can take a vole moving under a layer of vegetation or snow, having never seen it at all.

## Silent flight, and what it costs
Barn owl flight feathers carry a comb-like fringe on the leading edge and a soft, velvety upper surface. Together these break large air vortices into smaller ones and damp the sound of feathers sliding over one another, cutting the noise of flight to near nothing.

Silence serves twice: prey gets no warning, and the owl's own hearing is not masked by its wingbeats. The trade-off is that the soft feather structure sheds water poorly, so barn owls hunt badly in sustained rain and can be grounded by prolonged wet weather — a real cause of winter mortality.

## Farmland, and why numbers fall
Barn owls need rough, tussocky grassland holding field voles, plus cavities for nesting. Modern farmland often supplies neither: grass margins are cut short or ploughed out, old barns are converted, and mature hollow trees are removed.

Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides are the other major pressure. A poisoned rodent stays active and easy to catch for days, so it is exactly the prey an owl is most likely to take. The compounds accumulate in the liver, and post-mortem surveys in several countries have found residues in a large majority of barn owls tested. Road collisions add to it — verges are good vole habitat, so owls hunt beside fast traffic.

## What actually helps a barn owl
Leave rough grass margins uncut through winter, which is where the voles are. Put up a correctly sited nest box — high, sheltered, facing away from prevailing weather, and away from major roads. Switch to trapping or first-generation compounds rather than second-generation rodenticides, and never leave poisoned carcasses accessible.

Barn owls will use a well-placed box readily, and a single pair is a substantial and free rodent-control service. The limiting factor is almost always food and nest sites together — a box in a landscape with no rough grass will stay empty.

## What WARN does
WARN publishes free, sourced species education covering the wildlife people live alongside as well as distant flagship species. Barn owls are a clear case where an everyday decision — which rodenticide to buy, whether to cut a field margin — decides whether a predator survives on that land.

If this guide helps you understand wildlife and the pressures it faces, a gift to WARN supports habitat protection and free public education in our partner countries.

## Frequently asked questions: Barn Owl
### Do barn owls hoot?
No. Barn owls produce a long, harsh screech along with hisses and bill-snapping. The familiar 'twit-twoo' hoot belongs to the tawny owl, and is actually two birds calling to each other rather than one bird's call.

### How do barn owls hunt in complete darkness?
By sound. The facial disc funnels noise to ear openings set at different heights on each side of the skull, so tiny differences in arrival time give both bearing and elevation. Barn owls can strike prey accurately in total darkness, including animals hidden under vegetation or snow.

### Why is barn owl flight silent?
A comb-like fringe on the leading edge of the flight feathers and a velvety upper surface break up air turbulence and damp feather noise. The trade-off is poor waterproofing, so barn owls hunt badly in prolonged rain.

### Are barn owls endangered?
Not globally — the IUCN lists the barn owl as Least Concern because of its enormous worldwide range. Regional populations have declined sharply in intensively farmed landscapes through loss of rough grassland and nest sites, rodenticide poisoning and road collisions.

### How can I help barn owls?
Leave rough tussocky grass margins uncut over winter to support field voles, install a correctly sited nest box away from busy roads, and avoid second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides — poisoned rodents remain active and are exactly the prey owls take most easily.

### What do barn owls eat?
Barn owls hunt field voles, mice, shrews and rats — a breeding pair may take around 3,000 small mammals in a year according to this guide's stats. They locate prey by sound alone using asymmetric ear openings and a facial disc that funnels sound, even beneath vegetation or snow.

### Where do barn owls live?
Barn owls are found on every continent except Antarctica, hunting low over rough grassland at dusk. They nest in barns, hollow trees and nest boxes near open foraging habitat. Regional populations have declined sharply in intensively farmed landscapes through loss of rough grassland, rodenticide poisoning and road collisions.

### Are barn owls dangerous?
Barn owls are not a threat to people. They are pale, heart-faced owls that hunt almost entirely by sound and fly almost silently thanks to comb-like leading edges on their flight feathers. Their main hazards to humans are indirect — rodenticides in prey and road collisions near busy routes.

### How long do barn owls live?
Typical wild lifespan is about four years according to this guide's stats, though many die in their first winter. Barn owls screech rather than hoot and are among the most widespread land birds on Earth, present on six continents.

### How big is a barn owl?
Barn owls have a wingspan of 80–95 cm and weigh 250–350 g according to this guide's quickFacts. Their silent flight and acoustic hunting — pinpointing prey vertically as well as horizontally through ear openings set at different heights — make them effective hunters in complete darkness.

## Sources
- [IUCN Red List — Tyto alba](https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22688504/155542941)
- [CITES Appendices](https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php)

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Full guide: https://worldanimalrescuenetwork.org/wildlife-guides/barn-owl